Language testing ; Needs assessment (language testing) ; Needs assessment (language teaching) ; DaF; Deutsch als Zweitsprache; German as a second language; DaZ; German as a foreign language ; GERS; CEFR; Quadro Comune Europeo di Riferimento; Common European Framework of Reference for Languages ; Auswanderer; Emigrants; Migrant; Aussiedler; Gastarbeiter; Arbeitsmigranten; Immigrants/Emigrants ; German