Philippines ; English as a second language; ESL; TESOL ; Periphery (linguistic geography) ; Core/periphery (linguistic geography) ; Three circles model (of world Englishes) ; Center/periphery (linguistic geography) ; Sprachattitüde; Linguizismus; Linguicism; Prestige; Sprachliche Unsicherheit; Linguistic insecurity ; Transfer (second language acquisition) ; Transfer (Zweitspracherwerb) ; Cross-linguistic influence (second language acquisition) ; Interference (second language acquisition) ; Other varieties of English